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''The Bowman'' and ''The Spearman'', also known as ''Indians'', are two bronze equestrian sculptures standing as gatekeepers in Congress Plaza, at the intersection of Congress Parkway and Michigan Avenue in Grant Park, Chicago, United States. The sculptures were made in Zagreb by Croatian sculptor Ivan Meštrović and installed at the entrance of the parkway in 1928. Funding was provided by the Benjamin Ferguson Fund. Each statue stands seventeen feet high and rests atop an eighteen foot granite pedestal.〔 When the area was first designed, the statues were intended to guard a grand staircase into the park. However, this staircase was removed when Congress Parkway was extended in the 1940s. Recent research (2006) strongly suggests that the lettering on the pedestals designed by architects Holabird & Roche was executed by sculptor Rene Paul Chambellan.〔Kvaran, Einar Einarsson ''Architectural Sculpture in America'', unpublished manuscript〕 The idea of placing large sculptures at the park entrance originated from famed urban planner Daniel Burnham's 1909 ''Plan of Chicago''. Burnham, a man of vision and charisma, was a strong influence on how the lakefront appears today. He imagined a vast parkland stretching from Michigan Avenue to the lakeshore filled with beautiful gardens, walkways, and public works of art. Burnham himself, however, planned for the two statues to be of “one Indian and one ‘Buffalo Bill like’ depiction of the conquering white pioneers” to symbolize both America’s Indian heritage and its struggle for expansion.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.publicartarchive.org/work/bowman-and-spearman#date )〕 An unusual aspect of the sculptures is that both figures are missing their respective weapons, the bow and arrow and the spear. The omitting of the weapons was intentional, as the artist preferred that they be “left to the imagination while attention is focused upon the bold lines of the musculature of both man and beast, as well as the linear patterns of the horses’ manes and tails and the figures’ headdresses.”〔 Despite the fact that the weapons never actually existed, many theories have existed over time as to their supposed whereabouts. Some believe that they were taken as part of an elaborate prank, while others are under the impression that their removal was a show of respect after the events of September 11, 2001. One author said of these works, "Meštrović's finest monumental sculptures are his Chicago ''Indians'' (1926–27), they are not too obviously stylized: the muscles on the horsemen are almost anatomically realistic... These statues show how much more important true sculptural feeling is than ideology, for Meštrović hardly knew anything about the ideals of the American Indians and they certainly did not move him."〔Keckemet, Dusko. ‘’Ivan Mestrovic’’, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1976 unpaginated〕 After completing a number of statues in Europe and other parts of the world, Meštrović returned to the United States and spent the remainder of his life as a celebrated professor first at Syracuse University and later at the University of Notre Dame. ==Sources== *Keckemet, Dusko,'' Ivan Mestrovic'', Publishing House, Beograd, Jugoslavija 1964 *Keckemet, Dusko, ''Ivan Mestrovic'' – Split, Mestrovic Gallery Split and Spektar Zagreb, Yugoslavia 1969 *Keckemet, Dusko, ''Ivan Mestrovic'', McGraw-Hill Book Company, NY, NY 1970 *Kvaran, Einar Einarsson ''Architectural Sculpture in America'', unpublished manuscript *Schmeckebier, Laurence, ''Ivan Mestrovic – Sculptor and Patrio''t, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY 1959 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Bowman and The Spearman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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